What determines the most altitude gained in a given time?

The maximum rate of climb is a crucial factor in determining the altitude gained in a given amount of time because it directly quantifies how quickly an aircraft can ascend. The rate of climb indicates the vertical speed of the aircraft, measured in feet per minute or meters per second.

When considering how to gain altitude efficiently, pilots aim for the maximum rate of climb because this ensures they are achieving the best performance characteristics of the aircraft for a climb. Factors such as engine output, aerodynamic efficiency, and weight play important roles, but it is the maximum rate of climb that reflects the optimal combination of these elements during ascent.

In contrast, while the maximum angle of climb is important for obstacle clearance, it does not necessarily translate to the most altitude gained over time as it is more about gaining altitude in relation to horizontal distance. Excess thrust available is a relevant factor, but it does not directly provide the climb rate. An aircraft's weight affects its overall performance, but it is the maximum rate of climb that best represents the altitude gain potential over a specified timeframe.