What term describes the maximum load factor an airplane can withstand without structural failure?

The term that describes the maximum load factor an airplane can withstand without structural failure is referred to as the Ultimate Load Factor. This concept is critical in aerodynamics and aircraft design, as it represents the highest level of stress that a structure can endure before failing. The ultimate load factor is typically greater than the limit load factor, which is the maximum load considered safe for normal operations.

Understanding ultimate load factor is essential for ensuring the structural integrity and reliability of an aircraft under various conditions, including turbulence and maneuvers that may produce higher loads than those encountered during routine flights. Designers and engineers account for this factor during the testing and development phases, ensuring that aircraft can handle unexpected stresses without compromising safety.