Why is an aircraft's center of gravity crucial for stability?

The center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft is fundamental for stability because it directly impacts the balance and control during flight. The CG is the point at which the aircraft's mass is concentrated and around which the aircraft's weight is balanced. If the CG is located too far forward or too far aft relative to the aircraft’s aerodynamic center, it can lead to undesirable flight characteristics.

When the CG is positioned correctly, it ensures that the aircraft has optimal stability around its axes. A forward CG generally enhances stability because it tends to keep the nose pointing downward, which requires less control input to maintain level flight. In contrast, if the CG is too far back, it may lead to a tendency for the nose to rise, resulting in a condition known as longitudinal instability. This situation can make the aircraft more difficult to control and may lead to unresponsive handling.

Additionally, the CG affects how forces are distributed during maneuvers such as turns, climbs, or descents. Proper control and balance ensure that the aircraft responds predictably to pilot inputs, ultimately contributing to both safety and performance during flight.

In contrast, while the maximum load capacity, fuel distribution, and engine performance are all important factors in overall aircraft operation, they do not directly govern the aircraft